A first essential condition on the cognitive is that cognitive states must involve intrinsic, non-derived content. Strings of symbols on the printed page mean what they do in virtue of conventional associations between them and words of language. Numerals of various sorts represent the numbers they do in virtue of social agreements and practices. The representational capacity of orthography is in this way derived from the representational capacities of cognitive agents. By contrast, the cognitive states in normal cognitive agents do not derive their meanings from conventions or social practices.Adams & Aizawa, The bounds of cognition
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