Prologue
The Andes uplift occurred about 100 My ago and has significantly impacted the climate and environment, not only in the Andes but also the surroundings, extending to regions such as the Amazon basin and the Pacific Ocean coasts. This orographic process created new habitats, promoting isolation and diversification, resulting in a variety of environments with biodiversity hotspots and endemism.
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Fig. 1(a): Elevation patterns across the Andes cordillera outline, displaying the Andes above 500 m a.s.l. (Danielson and Gesch 2011), (b): cumulated annual precipitation averages from 1970 to 2000 (Fick and Hijmans 2017), and (c): main ecosystems across the Andes (Yu et al. 2019), with the green outline showing the extent of the Andean hotspot (Myers et al. 2000). (P-M Pastaza Marañon foreland basin)
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