I think I posted a version of this claim before but this one is even more strongly worded. This is from Jon Peterson's "Playing at the World" on the history of RPGs and it's about the rules for resolving combat between units in Kriegspiel, an early (19th century) German wargame. It's possibly the first realistic stochastic simulation of any kind - not just a milestone in game design.

The invention of event simulation through combining empirical probability with implements of chance has no obvious precedent in intellectual history and represents a paradigm shift that underlies a great deal of the science of simulation that followed in the twentieth century.
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