LLM 기반의 게시글 번역 기능이 추가되었습니다. 우선, 자신이 쓴 게시글이 LLM을 이용해 번역되는 것을 허용하려면, 게시글 공개 설정에서 “LLM 기반 자동 번역 허용” 옵션을 켜 주셔야 합니다. 기존 게시글은 모두 이 옵션이 꺼져 있습니다만, 새로 쓰는 게시글의 경우 기본적으로 켜져 있습니다.

위와 같이 옵션을 켜 준 게시글은 위쪽에 다음과 같이 “다른 언어로 읽기” 메뉴가 표시되게 됩니다. 이 메뉴에 나오는 언어 목록은 언어 설정에서 정할 수 있습니다.

이 중에서 이미 번역이 완료된 언어는 바로 표시되지만, 아직 번역이 완료되지 않은 언어의 경우, 아래와 같이 기다리라는 메시지가 뜨게 됩니다. 게시글의 분량에 따라 번역 시간은 차이가 나지만, 짧으면 30초에서 길면 5분 정도 걸립니다.

번역이 완료되면, 아래와 같이 메시지가 바뀝니다.

번역 기능은 제가 Hackers' Pub을 맨 처음 구상할 때부터 핵심 기능으로 고려하고 있던 것이었습니다. 소프트웨어 프로그래머로서 일정 수준 이상 성장하기 위해서는 반드시 영어를 배워야만 하는 불합리함이나 그리고 일본어나 중국어 등 영어가 아닌 언어로 쓰인 다양한 자료에 대부분의 외국인은 접근하지 못한다는 아쉬움을 오래 전부터 느꼈기 때문입니다. 다행히 얼마 전부터 LLM의 번역 품질이 아주 좋아졌고, 이를 활용하여 꽤 괜찮은 품질의 번역 기능을 Hackers' Pub 같은 작은 웹사이트에서도 구현할 수 있게 되었네요.

참고로 현재 번역에 쓰이는 모델은 Claude Sonnet 3.7입니다. 저렴하다고는 할 수 없는 모델인데요. 시범적으로 운영해 보고, 비용이 너무 부담된다고 여겨지면 Gemini 2.5 Flash 같은 다른 모델로 전환하는 것도 고려하고 있습니다.

아무튼, 모처럼 추가한 번역 기능이니 많은 분들이 유용함을 누리셨으면 좋겠습니다.

아래는 제가 샘플로 미리 만들어 둔 번역본들입니다:

• Ditch the DIY Drama: Why Use Fedify Instead of Building ActivityPub from Scratch? (영어) → 〈DIY 드라마는 그만: 왜 ActivityPub을 처음부터 구축하는 대신 Fedify를 사용해야 할까요?〉 (한국어)
• 〈애플리케이션 개발 측면에서 본 Drizzle ORM 대 Kysely 비교〉 (한국어) → 「アプリケーション開発の観点から見たDrizzle ORMとKyselyの比較」 (일본어)
• 〈deno-task-hooks: Git 훅을 Deno 태스크로 쉽게 관리하기〉 (한국어) → deno-task-hooks: Easily Manage Git Hooks as Deno Tasks (영어)
• Browser-Native Translation and Language Detection APIs Coming Soon (영어) → 〈브라우저 네이티브 번역 및 언어 감지 API 곧 출시 예정〉 (한국어)

So, you're captivated by the fediverse—the decentralized social web powered by protocols like ActivityPub. Maybe you're dreaming of building the next great federated app, a unique space connected to Mastodon, Lemmy, Pixelfed, and more. The temptation to dive deep and implement ActivityPub yourself, from the ground up, is strong. Total control, right? Understanding every byte? Sounds cool!

But hold on a sec. Before you embark on that epic quest, let's talk reality. Implementing ActivityPub correctly isn't just one task; it's like juggling several complex standards while riding a unicycle… blindfolded. It’s hard.

That's where Fedify comes in. It's a TypeScript framework designed to handle the gnarliest parts of ActivityPub development, letting you focus on what makes your app special, not reinventing the federation wheel.

This post will break down the common headaches of DIY ActivityPub implementation and show how Fedify acts as the super-powered pain reliever, starting with the very foundation of how data is represented.

Challenge #1: Data Modeling—Speaking ActivityStreams & JSON-LD Fluently

At its core, ActivityPub relies on the ActivityStreams 2.0 vocabulary to describe actions and objects, and it uses JSON-LD as the syntax to encode this vocabulary. While powerful, this combination introduces significant complexity right from the start.

First, understanding and correctly using the vast ActivityStreams vocabulary itself is a hurdle. You need to model everything—posts (Note, Article), profiles (Person, Organization), actions (Create, Follow, Like, Announce)—using the precise terms and properties defined in the specification. Manual JSON construction is tedious and prone to errors.

Second, JSON-LD, the encoding layer, has specific rules that make direct JSON manipulation surprisingly tricky:

• Missing vs. Empty Array: In JSON-LD, a property being absent is often semantically identical to it being present with an empty array. Your application logic needs to treat these cases equally when checking for values. For example, these two Note objects mean the same thing regarding the name property:

  // No name property
  {
    "@context": "https://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams",
    "type": "Note",
    "content": "…"
  }

  // Equivalent to:
  {
    "@context": "https://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams",
    "type": "Note",
    "name": [],
    "content": "…"
  }

• Single Value vs. Array: Similarly, a property holding a single value directly is often equivalent to it holding a single-element array containing that value. Your code must anticipate both representations for the same meaning, like for the content property here:

  // Single value
  {
    "@context": "https://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams",
    "type": "Note",
    "content": "Hello"
  }

  // Equivalent to:
  {
    "@context": "https://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams",
    "type": "Note",
    "content": ["Hello"]
  }

• Object Reference vs. Embedded Object: Properties can contain either the full JSON-LD object embedded directly or just a URI string referencing that object. Your application needs to be prepared to fetch the object's data if only a URI is given (a process called dereferencing). These two Announce activities are semantically equivalent (assuming the URIs resolve correctly):

  {
    "@context": "https://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams",
    "type": "Announce",
    // Embedded objects:
    "actor": {
      "type": "Person",
      "id": "http://sally.example.org/",
      "name": "Sally"
    },
    "object": {
      "type": "Arrive",
      "id": "https://sally.example.com/arrive",
      /* ... */
    }
  }

  // Equivalent to:
  {
    "@context":
    "https://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams",
    "type": "Announce",
    // URI references:
    "actor": "http://sally.example.org/",
    "object": "https://sally.example.com/arrive"
  }

Attempting to manually handle all these vocabulary rules and JSON-LD variations consistently across your application inevitably leads to verbose, complex, and fragile code, ripe for subtle bugs that break federation.

Fedify tackles this entire data modeling challenge with its comprehensive, type-safe Activity Vocabulary API. It provides TypeScript classes for ActivityStreams types and common extensions, giving you autocompletion and compile-time safety. Crucially, these classes internally manage all the tricky JSON-LD nuances. Fedify's property accessors present a consistent interface—non-functional properties (like tags) always return arrays, functional properties (like content) always return single values or null. It handles object references versus embedded objects seamlessly through dereferencing accessors (like activity.getActor()) which automatically fetch remote objects via URI when needed—a feature known as property hydration. With Fedify, you work with a clean, predictable TypeScript API, letting the framework handle the messy details of AS vocabulary and JSON-LD encoding.

Challenge #2: Discovery & Identity—Finding Your Actors

Once you can model data, you need to make your actors discoverable. This primarily involves the WebFinger protocol (RFC 7033). You'd need to build a server endpoint at /.well-known/webfinger capable of parsing resource queries (like acct: URIs), validating the requested domain against your server, and responding with a precisely formatted JSON Resource Descriptor (JRD). This JRD must include specific links, like a self link pointing to the actor's ActivityPub ID using the correct media type. Getting any part of this wrong can make your actors invisible.

Fedify simplifies this significantly. It automatically handles WebFinger requests based on the actor information you provide through its setActorDispatcher() method. Fedify generates the correct JRD response. If you need more advanced control, like mapping user-facing handles to internal identifiers, you can easily register mapHandle() or mapAlias() callbacks. You focus on defining your actors; Fedify handles making them discoverable.

// Example: Define how to find actors
federation.setActorDispatcher(
  "/users/{username}",
  async (ctx, username) => { /* ... */ }
);
// Now GET /.well-known/webfinger?resource=acct:username@your.domain just works!

Challenge #3: Core ActivityPub Mechanics—Handling Requests and Collections

Serving actor profiles requires careful content negotiation. A request for an actor's ID needs JSON-LD for machine clients (Accept: application/activity+json) but HTML for browsers (Accept: text/html). Handling incoming activities at the inbox endpoint involves validating POST requests, verifying cryptographic signatures, parsing the payload, preventing duplicates (idempotency), and routing based on activity type. Implementing collections (outbox, followers, etc.) with correct pagination adds another layer.

Fedify streamlines all of this. Its core request handler (via Federation.fetch() or framework adapters like @fedify/express) manages content negotiation. You define actors with setActorDispatcher() and web pages with your framework (Hono, Express, SvelteKit, etc.)—Fedify routes appropriately. For the inbox, setInboxListeners() lets you define handlers per activity type (e.g., .on(Follow, ...)), while Fedify automatically handles validation, signature verification, parsing, and idempotency checks using its KV Store. Collection implementation is simplified via dispatchers (e.g., setFollowersDispatcher()); you provide logic to fetch a page of data, and Fedify constructs the correct Collection or CollectionPage with pagination.

// Define inbox handlers
federation.setInboxListeners("/inbox", "/users/{handle}/inbox")
  .on(Follow, async (ctx, follow) => { /* Handle follow */ })
  .on(Undo, async (ctx, undo) => { /* Handle undo */ });

// Define followers collection logic
federation.setFollowersDispatcher(
  "/users/{handle}/followers",
  async (ctx, handle, cursor) => { /* ... */ }
);

Challenge #4: Reliable Delivery & Asynchronous Processing—Sending Activities Robustly

Sending an activity requires more than a simple POST. Networks fail, servers go down. You need robust failure handling and retry logic (ideally with backoff). Processing incoming activities synchronously can block your server. Efficiently broadcasting to many followers (fan-out) requires background processing and using shared inboxes where possible.

Fedify addresses reliability and scalability using its MessageQueue abstraction. When configured (highly recommended), Context.sendActivity() enqueues delivery tasks. Background workers handle sending with automatic retries based on configurable policies (like outboxRetryPolicy). Fedify supports various queue backends (Deno KV, Redis, PostgreSQL, AMQP). For high-traffic fan-out, Fedify uses an optimized two-stage mechanism to distribute the load efficiently.

// Configure Fedify with a persistent queue (e.g., Deno KV)
const federation = createFederation({
  queue: new DenoKvMessageQueue(/* ... */),
  // ...
});
// Sending is now reliable and non-blocking
await ctx.sendActivity({ handle: "myUser" }, recipient, someActivity);

Challenge #5: Security—Avoiding Common Pitfalls

Securing an ActivityPub server is critical. You need to implement HTTP Signatures (draft-cavage-http-signatures-12) for server-to-server authentication—a complex process. You might also need Linked Data Signatures (LDS) or Object Integrity Proofs (OIP) based on FEP-8b32 for data integrity and compatibility. Managing cryptographic keys securely is essential. Lastly, fetching remote resources risks Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) if not validated properly.

Fedify is designed with security in mind. It automatically handles the creation and verification of HTTP Signatures, LDS, and OIP, provided you supply keys via setKeyPairsDispatcher(). It includes key management utilities. Crucially, Fedify's default document loader includes built-in SSRF protection, blocking requests to private IPs unless explicitly allowed.

Challenge #6: Interoperability & Maintenance—Playing Nicely with Others

The fediverse is diverse. Different servers have quirks. Ensuring compatibility requires testing and adaptation. Standards evolve with new Federation Enhancement Proposals (FEPs). You also need protocols like NodeInfo to advertise server capabilities.

Fedify aims for broad interoperability and is actively maintained. It includes features like ActivityTransformers to smooth over implementation differences. NodeInfo support is built-in via setNodeInfoDispatcher().

Challenge #7: Developer Experience—Actually Building Your App

Beyond the protocol, building any server involves setup, testing, and debugging. With federation, debugging becomes harder—was the message malformed? Was the signature wrong? Is the remote server down? Is it a compatibility quirk? Good tooling is essential.

Fedify enhances the developer experience significantly. Being built with TypeScript, it offers excellent type safety and editor auto-completion. The fedify CLI is a powerful companion designed to streamline common development tasks.

You can quickly scaffold a new project tailored to your chosen runtime and web framework using fedify init.

For debugging interactions and verifying data, fedify lookup is invaluable. It lets you inspect how any remote actor or object appears from the outside by performing WebFinger discovery and fetching the object's data. Fedify then displays the parsed object structure and properties directly in your terminal. For example, running:

$ fedify lookup @fedify-example@fedify-blog.deno.dev

Will first show progress messages and then output the structured representation of the actor, similar to this:

// Output of fedify lookup command (shows parsed object structure)
Person {
  id: URL "https://fedify-blog.deno.dev/users/fedify-example",
  name: "Fedify Example Blog",
  published: 2024-03-03T13:18:11.857Z, // Simplified timestamp
  summary: "This blog is powered by Fedify, a fediverse server framework.",
  url: URL "https://fedify-blog.deno.dev/",
  preferredUsername: "fedify-example",
  publicKey: CryptographicKey {
    id: URL "https://fedify-blog.deno.dev/users/fedify-example#main-key",
    owner: URL "https://fedify-blog.deno.dev/users/fedify-example",
    publicKey: CryptoKey { /* ... CryptoKey details ... */ }
  },
  // ... other properties like inbox, outbox, followers, endpoints ...
}

This allows you to easily check how data is structured or troubleshoot why an interaction might be failing by seeing the actual properties Fedify parsed.

Testing outgoing activities from your application during development is made much easier with fedify inbox. Running the command starts a temporary local server that acts as a publicly accessible inbox, displaying key information about the temporary actor it creates for receiving messages:

$ fedify inbox
✔ The ephemeral ActivityPub server is up and running: https://<unique_id>.lhr.life/
✔ Sent follow request to @<some_test_account>@activitypub.academy.
╭───────────────┬─────────────────────────────────────────╮
│ Actor handle: │ i@<unique_id>.lhr.life                  │
├───────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────────┤
│   Actor URI:  │ https://<unique_id>.lhr.life/i          │
├───────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────────┤
│  Actor inbox: │ https://<unique_id>.lhr.life/i/inbox    │
├───────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ Shared inbox: │ https://<unique_id>.lhr.life/inbox      │
╰───────────────┴─────────────────────────────────────────╯

Web interface available at: http://localhost:8000/

You then configure your developing application to send an activity to the Actor inbox or Shared inbox URI provided. When an activity arrives, fedify inbox only prints a summary table to your console indicating that a request was received:

╭────────────────┬─────────────────────────────────────╮
│     Request #: │ 2                                   │
├────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────┤
│ Activity type: │ Follow                              │
├────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────┤
│  HTTP request: │ POST /i/inbox                       │
├────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────┤
│ HTTP response: │ 202                                 │
├────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────┤
│       Details  │ https://<unique_id>.lhr.life/r/2    │
╰────────────────┴─────────────────────────────────────╯

Crucially, the detailed information about the received request—including the full headers (like Signature), the request body (the Activity JSON), and the signature verification status—is only available in the web interface provided by fedify inbox. This web UI allows you to thoroughly inspect incoming activities during development.

When you need to test interactions with the live fediverse from your local machine beyond just sending, fedify tunnel can securely expose your entire local development server temporarily. This suite of tools significantly eases the process of building and debugging federated applications.

Conclusion: Build Features, Not Plumbing

Implementing the ActivityPub suite of protocols from scratch is an incredibly complex and time-consuming undertaking. It involves deep dives into multiple technical specifications, cryptographic signing, security hardening, and navigating the nuances of a diverse ecosystem. While educational, it dramatically slows down the process of building the actual, unique features of your federated application.

Fedify offers a well-architected, secure, and type-safe foundation, handling the intricacies of federation for you—data modeling, discovery, core mechanics, delivery, security, and interoperability. It lets you focus on your application's unique value and user experience. Stop wrestling with low-level protocol details and start building your vision for the fediverse faster and more reliably. Give Fedify a try!

Getting started is straightforward. First, install the Fedify CLI using your preferred method. Once installed, create a new project template by running fedify init your-project-name.

Check out the Fedify tutorials and Fedify manual to learn more. Happy federating!