If you've built CLI tools, you've written code like this:
if (opts.reporter === "junit" && !opts.outputFile) {
throw new Error("--output-file is required for junit reporter");
}
if (opts.reporter === "html" && !opts.outputFile) {
throw new Error("--output-file is required for html reporter");
}
if (opts.reporter === "console" && opts.outputFile) {
console.warn("--output-file is ignored for console reporter");
}
A few months ago, I wrote Stop writing CLI validation. Parse it right the first time. about parsing individual option values correctly. But it didn't cover the relationships between options.
In the code above, --output-file only makes sense when --reporter is junit or html. When it's console, the option shouldn't exist at all.
We're using TypeScript. We have a powerful type system. And yet, here we are, writing runtime checks that the compiler can't help with. Every time we add a new reporter type, we need to remember to update these checks. Every time we refactor, we hope we didn't miss one.
The state of TypeScript CLI parsers
The old guard—Commander, yargs, minimist—were built before TypeScript became mainstream. They give you bags of strings and leave type safety as an exercise for the reader.
But we've made progress. Modern TypeScript-first libraries like cmd-ts and Clipanion (the library powering Yarn Berry) take types seriously:
// cmd-ts
const app = command({
args: {
reporter: option({ type: string, long: 'reporter' }),
outputFile: option({ type: string, long: 'output-file' }),
},
handler: (args) => {
// args.reporter: string
// args.outputFile: string
},
});
// Clipanion
class TestCommand extends Command {
reporter = Option.String('--reporter');
outputFile = Option.String('--output-file');
}
These libraries infer types for individual options. --port is a number. --verbose is a boolean. That's real progress.
But here's what they can't do: express that --output-file is required when --reporter is junit, and forbidden when --reporter is console. The relationship between options isn't captured in the type system.
So you end up writing validation code anyway:
handler: (args) => {
// Both cmd-ts and Clipanion need this
if (args.reporter === "junit" && !args.outputFile) {
throw new Error("--output-file required for junit");
}
// args.outputFile is still string | undefined
// TypeScript doesn't know it's definitely string when reporter is "junit"
}
Rust's clap and Python's Click have requires and conflicts_with attributes, but those are runtime checks too. They don't change the result type.
If the parser configuration knows about option relationships, why doesn't that knowledge show up in the result type?
Modeling relationships with conditional()
Optique treats option relationships as a first-class concept. Here's the test reporter scenario:
import { conditional, object } from "@optique/core/constructs";
import { option } from "@optique/core/primitives";
import { choice, string } from "@optique/core/valueparser";
import { run } from "@optique/run";
const parser = conditional(
option("--reporter", choice(["console", "junit", "html"])),
{
console: object({}),
junit: object({
outputFile: option("--output-file", string()),
}),
html: object({
outputFile: option("--output-file", string()),
openBrowser: option("--open-browser"),
}),
}
);
const [reporter, config] = run(parser);
The conditional() combinator takes a discriminator option (--reporter) and a map of branches. Each branch defines what other options are valid for that discriminator value.
TypeScript infers the result type automatically:
type Result =
| ["console", {}]
| ["junit", { outputFile: string }]
| ["html", { outputFile: string; openBrowser: boolean }];
When reporter is "junit", outputFile is string—not string | undefined. The relationship is encoded in the type.
Now your business logic gets real type safety:
const [reporter, config] = run(parser);
switch (reporter) {
case "console":
runWithConsoleOutput();
break;
case "junit":
// TypeScript knows config.outputFile is string
writeJUnitReport(config.outputFile);
break;
case "html":
// TypeScript knows config.outputFile and config.openBrowser exist
writeHtmlReport(config.outputFile);
if (config.openBrowser) openInBrowser(config.outputFile);
break;
}
No validation code. No runtime checks. If you add a new reporter type and forget to handle it in the switch, the compiler tells you.
A more complex example: database connections
Test reporters are a nice example, but let's try something with more variation. Database connection strings:
myapp --db=sqlite --file=./data.db
myapp --db=postgres --host=localhost --port=5432 --user=admin
myapp --db=mysql --host=localhost --port=3306 --user=root --ssl
Each database type needs completely different options:
- SQLite just needs a file path
- PostgreSQL needs host, port, user, and optionally password
- MySQL needs host, port, user, and has an SSL flag
Here's how you model this:
import { conditional, object } from "@optique/core/constructs";
import { withDefault, optional } from "@optique/core/modifiers";
import { option } from "@optique/core/primitives";
import { choice, string, integer } from "@optique/core/valueparser";
const dbParser = conditional(
option("--db", choice(["sqlite", "postgres", "mysql"])),
{
sqlite: object({
file: option("--file", string()),
}),
postgres: object({
host: option("--host", string()),
port: withDefault(option("--port", integer()), 5432),
user: option("--user", string()),
password: optional(option("--password", string())),
}),
mysql: object({
host: option("--host", string()),
port: withDefault(option("--port", integer()), 3306),
user: option("--user", string()),
ssl: option("--ssl"),
}),
}
);
The inferred type:
type DbConfig =
| ["sqlite", { file: string }]
| ["postgres", { host: string; port: number; user: string; password?: string }]
| ["mysql", { host: string; port: number; user: string; ssl: boolean }];
Notice the details: PostgreSQL defaults to port 5432, MySQL to 3306. PostgreSQL has an optional password, MySQL has an SSL flag. Each database type has exactly the options it needs—no more, no less.
With this structure, writing dbConfig.ssl when the mode is sqlite isn't a runtime error—it's a compile-time impossibility.
Try expressing this with requires_if attributes. You can't. The relationships are too rich.
The pattern is everywhere
Once you see it, you find this pattern in many CLI tools:
Authentication modes:
const authParser = conditional(
option("--auth", choice(["none", "basic", "token", "oauth"])),
{
none: object({}),
basic: object({
username: option("--username", string()),
password: option("--password", string()),
}),
token: object({
token: option("--token", string()),
}),
oauth: object({
clientId: option("--client-id", string()),
clientSecret: option("--client-secret", string()),
tokenUrl: option("--token-url", url()),
}),
}
);
Deployment targets, output formats, connection protocols—anywhere you have a mode selector that determines what other options are valid.
Why conditional() exists
Optique already has an or() combinator for mutually exclusive alternatives. Why do we need conditional()?
The or() combinator distinguishes branches based on structure—which options are present. It works well for subcommands like git commit vs git push, where the arguments differ completely.
But in the reporter example, the structure is identical: every branch has a --reporter flag. The difference lies in the flag's value, not its presence.
// This won't work as intended
const parser = or(
object({ reporter: option("--reporter", choice(["console"])) }),
object({
reporter: option("--reporter", choice(["junit", "html"])),
outputFile: option("--output-file", string())
}),
);
When you pass --reporter junit, or() tries to pick a branch based on what options are present. Both branches have --reporter, so it can't distinguish them structurally.
conditional() solves this by reading the discriminator's value first, then selecting the appropriate branch. It bridges the gap between structural parsing and value-based decisions.
The structure is the constraint
Instead of parsing options into a loose type and then validating relationships, define a parser whose structure is the constraint.
| Traditional approach |
Optique approach |
| Parse → Validate → Use |
Parse (with constraints) → Use |
| Types and validation logic maintained separately |
Types reflect the constraints |
| Mismatches found at runtime |
Mismatches found at compile time |
The parser definition becomes the single source of truth. Add a new reporter type? The parser definition changes, the inferred type changes, and the compiler shows you everywhere that needs updating.
Try it
If this resonates with a CLI you're building:
- Documentation
- Tutorial
conditional() reference- GitHub
Next time you're about to write an if statement checking option relationships, ask: could the parser express this constraint instead?
The structure of your parser is the constraint. You might not need that validation code at all.
洪 民憙 (Hong Minhee) shared the below article:
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